Lead-acid batteries: rediscovering their role in modern energy solutions
Old tech, new tricks: lead-acid batteries still have valuable applications in today’s energy game, given their affordability.
Published on January 16, 2025
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Lead-acid batteries, once primarily known for starting cars, are experiencing renewed interest due to advancements in technology and their cost-effectiveness. Innovations like valve-regulated lead-acid batteries and deep-cycle designs have enhanced their efficiency, making them pivotal in sustainable energy solutions. These batteries are increasingly integrated with renewable energy sources and decentralized power grids, driving significant market growth. Despite facing challenges such as limited energy density and competition from lithium-ion alternatives, lead-acid batteries remain vital due to their reliability and recyclability.
The global market for lead-acid batteries is projected to grow substantially, with applications ranging from industrial operations to electric vehicle infrastructure. The ongoing innovations in design and recycling processes contribute to their enduring relevance in the evolving energy landscape.
Market growth and applications
The lead-acid battery market is poised for expansion, with projections indicating an increase of 61,000 MWh between 2025 and 2031. These batteries continue to dominate various sectors, particularly excelling in low-speed and short-range applications such as golf carts, forklifts, and neighborhood electric vehicles. Their reliability and cost-effectiveness have made them especially attractive for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), where they serve as secondary batteries for accessories.
Technological advancements
Recent innovations have significantly enhanced lead-acid battery performance. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries now offer maintenance-free operation and improved safety in demanding environments. Advanced designs like lead-crystal and carbon foam batteries demonstrate impressive durability, with lead-crystal variants achieving over 2,500 cycles and carbon foam versions exceeding 3,500 cycles at 50% depth of discharge. The integration of carbon-enhanced technology has successfully reduced sulfation and improved charge acceptance.
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Lead acid batteries benefits
The U.S. Department of Energy has identified lead-acid batteries as a cost-effective solution for energy storage goals. Investment requirements for lead-acid technology development are approximately one-fifth of those needed for lithium-ion alternatives, with potential benefits realizable within five years. Environmental sustainability is a key advantage, with approximately 95% of lead-acid battery components being recyclable. This high recyclability rate positions them as an environmentally responsible choice in the sustainable energy landscape.
Future outlook and development
Current projects are exploring their potential as backup power sources for electric vehicle charging stations. While these batteries face competition from newer technologies, their proven reliability, cost-effectiveness, and ongoing technological improvements suggest a promising future, particularly in specialized applications and emerging markets.